Development process of traumatic heterotopic ossification of the temporomandibular joint in mice

Heterotopic ossification (HO) means the formation of ectopic bone in muscles, tendons, ligaments, and other soft tissues(Amar et al., 2015). HO is divided into acquired nongenetic HO and inherited genetic HO (Xu et al., 2018). For the rare genetic HO, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) involves endochondral ossification, while progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH) and Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) leads to HO through intramembranous ossification(Shore and Kaplan, 2010). Neurogenic trauma-induced HO is a common type of acquired nongenetic HO and occurs through both intramembranous and endochondral ossification(Huang et al., 2018).

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