Αρχειοθήκη ιστολογίου

Αλέξανδρος Γ. Σφακιανάκης
ΩτοΡινοΛαρυγγολόγος
Αναπαύσεως 5
Άγιος Νικόλαος Κρήτη 72100
2841026182
6032607174

Πέμπτη 20 Οκτωβρίου 2016

Crawford Williamson Long - Der eigentliche Entdecker der Anästhesie?

Anästhesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2016; 51: 636-639
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-117817

Als Geburtsstunde der Anästhesie gilt der 16. Oktober 1846 am Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. Doch war dies tatsächlich die erste Narkose mit Schwefeläther? Der bereits 1846 begonnene Prioritätsstreit hatte mehrere Beteiligte: WTG Morton, CT Jackson und H Wells. Unbeteiligt blieb CW Long, der bereits 1842 Äthernarkosen durchgeführt hatte. Er hatte seine Ergebnisse erst 1849 veröffentlicht und so blieb ihm der Ruhm verwehrt.
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Neue Leitlinie für die opioid-induzierte Obstipation

Anästhesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2016; 51: 593-594
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-115512


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Terrorgefahr: Spezialausrüstung für Rettungswagen

Anästhesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2016; 51: 644-644
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-117048


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Cholangitis: Schock als zentraler Pathomechanismus

Anästhesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2016; 51: 594-594
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-115513


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Grundlage der Neuro-Intensivtherapie

Anästhesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2016; 51: 646-646
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-109586


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Optimierte Stimulationsschwelle bei Regionalanästhesie

Anästhesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2016; 51: 594-594
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-115514


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Hämodynamisches Monitoring - Bildgebende bzw. Ultraschallverfahren

Anästhesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2016; 51: 626-634
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-110009

Die Echokardiografie hat als bildgebendes Verfahren in der Anästhesie und Intensivmedizin eine neue Dimension des hämodynamischen Monitorings ermöglicht: die direkte Visualisierung der kardialen Funktion und ihrer Störungen. Voraussetzungen für eine breite Anwendung in diesem Bereich waren die Entwicklung mobiler hochauflösender Ultraschallgeräte und die Entstehung fokussierter Untersuchungstechniken. Ein erfolgreicher Einsatz dieser Technik ist nur mit einer entsprechenden Erfahrung des Untersuchers möglich, um therapierelevante Entscheidungen zu treffen und Fehldiagnosen zu vermeiden. Der nachfolgende Artikel zeigt die Vorteile und Grenzen der Echokardiografie bei der Diagnostik der hämodynamischen Instabilität auf. Für TTE und TEE werden fokussierte Untersuchungstechniken dargestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer Möglichkeiten für ein hämodynamisches Monitoring bewertet. Darüber hinaus werden die Anforderungen an die Gerätetechnik und an die Ausbildung des Untersuchers diskutiert.
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Remote Ischaemic Conditioning - Eine Übersicht

Anästhesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2016; 51: 596-603
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-116628

Die Strategie des Remote Ischaemic Conditionings (RIC) ist einfach, günstig, nebenwirkungsarm und gehört zu den potentesten kardioprotektiven Strategien der letzten Jahre. Die praktische Durchführung erfolgt mit Hilfe einer Blutdruckmanschette, beispielweise durch 4 wiederholte Zyklen, bei denen pro Zyklus für jeweils 5 min eine Blutdruckmanschette am Oberarm des Patienten auf >200 mmHg aufgepumpt und anschließend entlüftet wird. Erste experimentelle und klinische Pilotdaten zeigten wiederholt eine signifikante Reduktion der Myokardschädigung nach Ischämie/Reperfusion. Dennoch bleibt vor dem Hintergrund der neutralen Ergebnisse von zwei großen klinischen Studien aktuell unklar, ob RIC einen klinisch relevanten Nutzen bei herzchirurgischen Patienten hervorruft. Es scheint wahrscheinlich, dass die Konstellation aus Begleit- und Narkosemedikation für das Versagen des RIC im klinischen Einsatz eine relevante Rolle spielt.
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Anästhesisten für Eritrea - „Ausbildung ist das, was bleibt“

Anästhesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2016; 51: 640-643
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-113211

Medizinische Grundversorgung – davon ist Eritrea weit entfernt: Im ganzen Land gibt es gerade einmal 40 Fachärzte; Medikamente – selbst zur Basisversorgung – sind nur in beschränkter Auswahl verfügbar. Es mangelt an OP-Ausstattung und anästhesiologischen Fachkräften. Das Eritrea-Hilfswerks Deutschland (EHD) will das ändern: Durch die Ausbildung von Anästhesisten soll langfristig eine eigenständige und hochwertige anästhesiologische Versorgung in dem kleinen afrikanischen Land gesichert werden. Prof. Traudl Elsholz leitet das Projekt in der Hauptstadt Asmara. Sie strukturiert die Ausbildung und koordiniert die Einsätze deutscher Ärzte, wie z. B. die von Dr. Lothar Klimpel.
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Pssst ... AINS-Secrets! - Heute aus der Notfallmedizin

Anästhesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2016; 51: 604-606
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-101667

Es ist ein normaler hektischer Dienstagmorgen im Zentral-OP. Assistenzärztin Dr. M. ist im 1. Weiterbildungsjahr und steht gerade noch am Beginn ihrer Rotation in der Traumatologie. Sie freut sich darauf, viel Neues zu lernen und Erfahrungen zu sammeln; v. a. auf Regionalverfahren hat sie sich vorbereitet.Nach dem Kaffee im Aufenthaltsraum mit Begrüßung der Kollegen überfliegt sie den OP-Plan für den zugewiesenen Saal. Um sich auf die anstehenden Narkosen vorzubereiten, sieht sie die Anästhesieprotokolle ihrer heutigen Patienten durch.Die 1. Patientin scheint zunächst keine besonderen Schwierigkeiten zu machen. Sie ist 23 Jahre alt, bekommt „nur" eine Arthroskopie des rechten Handgelenks, hat keinerlei Vorerkrankungen, auch keine Allergien, weist keinerlei Anzeichen für einen schwierigen Atemweg auf und wiegt 72 kg bei 1,77 m Größe.Dr. M. begrüßt die aufgeregte Patientin in der Einleitung, stellt sich vor und beginnt mit dem Team-Time-out. Sie stellt fest, dass es sich um die richtige Person handelt. Die vorgesehene OP an der rechten Hand stimmt, die Patientin ist nüchtern und alle nötigen Unterschriften zur Einwilligung in den Eingriff liegen vor. Die Frage, ob sie eine Prämedikation bekommen habe, verneint die Patientin. Auf weitere Nachfrage berichtet die Patientin, dass sie bei einer Voroperation ein zentrales anticholinerges Syndrom (ZAS) hatte und deswegen keine Benzodiazepine nehmen solle; das wäre auch so mit dem prämedizierenden Kollegen besprochen worden. Beim erneuten Blick auf das Anästhesieprotokoll kann Dr. M. nun auch entziffern, dass die Patientin nach der letzten OP ein ZAS hatte. Es liegen jedoch keine weiteren Informationen vor, da die Patientin weder über einen Anästhesieausweis verfügt noch andere Dokumente, wie z. B. einen Arztbrief mit Beschreibung der Symptomatik, vorweisen kann.Dr. M. entscheidet sich nach Rücksprache mit dem zuständigen Facharzt für eine möglichst triggerfreie Narkose. Es soll weder ein Lokalanästhetikum oder Muskelrelaxans noch ein volatiles Anästhetikum zum Einsatz kommen. Der kurze Eingriff (ca. 30 min) am Handgelenk soll in einer Vollnarkose mit Larynxmaske durchgeführt werden. Außerdem entscheidet sich Dr. M. für eine totalintravenöse Anästhesie (TIVA) mit Fentanyl und Propofol. Sie hat zwar nachgelesen, dass auch diese Medikamente ein ZAS triggern können – wie übrigens jedes andere Narkosemedikament auch – hofft aber durch die Anwendung wenig verschiedener Substanzen zu erreichen, dass die Patientin postoperativ kein ZAS entwickelt.
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Hochdruckliga bleibt dabei: Zu viel Salz schadet der Gesundheit

Anästhesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2016; 51: 644-644
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-117047


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Hämodynamisches Monitoring - Von der Anwendung zur Interpretation

Anästhesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2016; 51: 608-609
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-116825

Das hämodynamische Monitoring ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil der anästhesiologischen und intensivmedizinischen Überwachung. Wenngleich es bei nahezu jedem Patienten angewendet wird, sind die daraus gezogenen Gewinne durchaus anwenderbezogen unterschiedlich. Darum ist es essenziell, die Grundlagen des hämodynamischen Monitorings zu kennen, die Hintergründe und Funktionsweisen der verschiedenen Methoden zu verstehen und v. a. die Ergebnisse richtig interpretieren zu können.
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Neue Leitlinie: Versorgung nach Fremdkörperaspiration

Anästhesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2016; 51: 645-645
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-117050


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Hämodynamisches Monitoring - Basismonitoring

Anästhesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2016; 51: 610-615
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-110005

Das hämodynamische Basismonitoring gehört zur essenziellen apparativen Mindestausstattung eines anästhesiologischen Arbeitsplatzes. Dazu gehören EKG-Monitor, Blutdruckmessung und Pulsoxymeter. Um perioperative Komplikationen früh erkennen zu können, sollte jeder Patient unabhängig vom Gesundheitszustand oder der anzuwendenden Verfahren ein hämodynamisches Basismonitoring erhalten. Kenntnisse über Funktionsweise, Messprinzipien und Limitationen sind notwendig, um die erhaltenen Messwerte richtig zu bewerten. Beschrieben werden die Funktionsweisen und Anwendungen des EKGs, der nicht-invasiven intermittierenden Blutdruckmessung und der Pulsoxymetrie in der perioperativen Anwendung sowie deren Limitationen.
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Deutscher Preis für Patientensicherheit ausgelobt

Anästhesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2016; 51: 645-645
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-117054


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Infiltrative Right Parotid Mass With Lymphadenopathy

A man had a right parotid mass infiltrating the overlying facial skin and a postauricular node; MRI showed infiltration into the cartilaginous tissue of the external auditory canal, ipsilateral cervical adenopathy, and possible perineural involvement of the facial nerve. What is your diagnosis?

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Improving the Quality of the Reporting of Research Results

In JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, we strive to present the highest quality clinical, translational, and population health research from an array of disciplines aligned with the clinical practice of otolaryngology–head and neck surgery. Many problems exist in the conduct and analysis of clinical research—such as faulty or incorrect study design to answer the chosen research question, bias in the selection of study participants and measurement, improper attention to the role of chance, and incorrect use of statistical tests—to undermine the validity of the published results. In this editorial it is not my intention to describe these problems in detail; instead, I will focus on the problems in results reporting and provide some solutions that we will foster in the journal. I believe results reporting has received too little attention given its enormous importance for evaluating the significance and effect of research results. Indeed, without accurate reporting, the whole research endeavor might be meaningless or even misleading. I will offer solutions to the problems of results reporting, some of which must be implemented during the planning process and well before the conduct of research. Other solutions to the problems in the conduct and analysis of clinical research address the challenges of data analysis, interpretation of results, and results reporting, all of which have been presented previously in different forums. To illustrate my main points, I will use a 2-group randomized trial study design, where average values for the experimental group are compared with the average values for the control group. The points are relevant to almost all other study designs and analytical approaches.

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October 2016 Issue Highlights



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Comparison of Surgical vs Nonsurgical Treatment of T3 Glottic Squamous Cell Carcinoma

This cohort study uses SEER data to compare survival and functional outcomes in patients with T3 glottic squamous cell carcinoma undergoing surgical vs nonsurgical treatment.

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An Unusual Laryngeal Mass

A man presented with positional shortness of breath and sensation of airway obstruction; flexible fiber-optic laryngoscopy revealed a large, irregular pedunculated mass on the left anterior false vocal that was was seen to ball-valve in and out of the glottis with respiration. What is your diagnosis?

http://ift.tt/2ebjHDL

Imaging Techniques to Detect and Localize Middle Ear Cholesteatoma

This cross-sectional study compares temporal bone CT, PROPELLER diffusion-weighted MRI, and a fusion of the two for diagnosing and localizing middle ear cholesteatoma.

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Survivorship in Head and Neck Oncology

This article summarizes the American Head and Neck Society Committee on Survivorship's perspective on improving the care and experience of patients living with a history of successfully treated head and neck cancer.

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Gelatin-Thrombin Hemostatic Matrix for Posttonsillectomy Bleeding

This case series describes outcomes for children managed with an absorbable, flowable gelatin-thrombin hemostatic matrix sealant for posttonsillectomy bleeding..

http://ift.tt/29BdxHB

Destructive Hard Palate Mass

A woman presented with painful swelling along the roof of her mouth and cheek associated with new-onset malocclusion, ipsilateral upper lip numbness, and a submucosal growth on the mesial aspect of the left maxillary alveolus. What is your diagnosis?

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Prevalence, Severity, Exposures, and Treatment Patterns of Tinnitus

This cross-sectional study quantifies the prevalence of tinnitus and describes the epidemiologic features of tinnitus in a nationally representative sample of US adults.

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Updated Affiliation and Contact Information

In the Special Communication titled "Management of Persistent or Recurrent Structural Neck Disease in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: Point and Counterpoint," published in the August issue of JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, the first author's affiliation and contact information require an update. The affiliation, which was given as "Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Clayman)" should be replaced with "Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Clayman); now with Clayman Thyroid Cancer Center, Tampa General Hospital, Wesley Chapel, Florida (Clayman)." In addition, the Corresponding Author information, which appeared as "Gary L. Clayman, DMD, MD, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 1445, Houston, TX 77030-4009 (gclayman@mdancerson.org)" should be replaced with "Gary L. Clayman, DMD, MD, Clayman Thyroid Cancer Center, Tampa General Hospital, 1 Tampa General Cir, Box 1289, Tampa, FL 33606 (clayman@thyroidcancercenter.com)." This article was corrected online.

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Preventing Complications of Pediatric Tracheostomy

This case series examines whether a standardized protocol for parent education and wound care decreases the rate of readmission and other complications after pediatric tracheostomy.

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Ability of Risk Calculator to Predict Laryngectomy Complications

The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) started in the Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system when the US Congress mandated that the VA improve the surgical care provided at its facilities. To those charged with this task, it was evident that not all VA hospitals provided care to the same mix of patient acuity. To be able to fairly compare hospitals, they developed and validated statistical methods to risk-adjust outcomes, based on preoperative risk factors. By 1991, this program became operational in the VA system. As data were gathered on the performance of individual hospitals, this information was then confidentially reported to the individual VA hospitals in hopes that they would use it to improve quality. In 2001, the ACS received a grant to assess whether this program could be used in the non-VA facilities with a test of voluntary pilot hospitals. This proved to be feasible, and in 2004, the program was expanded to include any private and public (non-VA) hospital. As of June 2016, 767 hospitals now participate in ACS-NSQIP.

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Ability of Risk Calculator to Predict Laryngectomy Complications

This study assesses the accuracy of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program risk calculator to predict complications in patients undergoing laryngectomy.

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Removing the Taboo on the Surgical Violation (Cut-Through) of Cancer

This narrative review analyzes treatment outcomes for piecemeal removal of sinonasal, laryngeal, oropharyngeal, and hypopharyngeal cancer and discusses when these techniques should be applied.

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Early vs Late Tracheostomy—A Cost-effectiveness Analysis

This cost-effectiveness analysis evaluates the incremental cost per tracheotomy avoided for strategies using the early tracheostomy vs the late tracheostomy.

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Isolated Sphenoid Lesion

A woman experienced dizziness and headache to the vertex with left retro-orbital irradiation; MRI revealed a concentric multistratified appearance of the sinus content, a hyperintense peripheral layer, crescent-shaped heterogeneous material, and a black oval area in the sinus. What is your diagnosis?

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Effects of Extracorporeal Septoplasty on Nasal Tip

This study evaluates the outcomes of open-approach extracorporeal septoplasty without simultaneous rhinoplasty in terms of nasal tip projection and rotation using objective measurements.

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Right-Sided Laryngeal Mass With Hoarseness

A young man had hoarseness and foreign body sensation in his throat; laryngoscopy revealed a large, right-sided, supraglottic, submucosal mass expanding the aryepiglottic fold and false vocal fold with hypomobility of the right vocal fold and extending to the aryepiglottic fold. What is your diagnosis?

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Intraoperative Neuromonitoring and Reduced RLN Injury in Total Thyroidectomy

This cohort study compares the incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in total thyroidectomy patients who had intraoperative neuromonitoring vs those who had nerve visualization alone.

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An in vitro study of Fibrin Sealant as a carrier system for recombinant human Bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP)-9 for bone tissue engineering

In the craniofacial bone field, fibrin sealants are used as coagulant and adhesive tools to stabilize grafts during surgery. Despite this, their exact role in osteogenesis is poorly characterized. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the osteogenic potential of TISSEEL fibrin sealant and used its technology to incorporate growth factors within its matrix. We focused on recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP)-9, which has previously been characterized as one of the strongest osteogenetic inducers in the BMP family.

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Radiological evaluation of sphenozygomatic suture fixation for restoration of orbital volume: A retrospective study

Lateral displacement of fracture zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) can cause significant increase in orbital volume leading to enophthalmos. The aim of this study was to radiologically evaluate the efficacy of sphenozygomatic (SZ) suture fixation for restoration of orbital volume after elevation of the temporalis in cases of fracture ZMC where the fixation of zygomatic arch (ZA) was deemed necessary through latero-posterior approach.

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Threshold dose distribution and eliciting dose of cashew nut allergy

A previous study1 found that 137 of 179 cashew nut sensitized children (76.5%) suspected of having cashew nut allergy had a positive double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC result), with 63 of 137 children (46%) manifesting subjective and/or objective symptoms to the lowest dose (1 mg of cashew nut protein). The primary aim of this study was to determine the distribution of threshold doses and the eliciting doses (EDs) in this population. The secondary aim was to investigate whether children who reacted to 1 mg of cashew nut (n = 63) could react to even lower doses than 1 mg (low-dose follow-up study).

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Peripheral nerve blocks in the management of postoperative pain: challenges and opportunities

Peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) are increasingly used as a component of multimodal analgesia and may be administered as a single injection (sPNB) or continuous infusion via a perineural catheter (cPNB). We undertook a qualitative review focusing on sPNB and cPNB with regard to benefits, risks, and opportunities for optimizing patient care. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials have shown superior pain control and reductions in opioid consumption in patients receiving PNB compared with those receiving intravenous opioids in a variety of upper and lower extremity surgical procedures.

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Comparative effectiveness of epsilon-aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid on postoperative bleeding following cardiac surgery during a national medication shortage

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of epsilon-aminocaproic acid (εACA) and tranexamic acid (TXA) in contemporary clinical practice during a national medication shortage.

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Optimal epidural analgesia for patients diagnosed as having gynecologic cancer undergoing interstitial brachytherapy

To determine the optimal epidural analgesia for patients receiving interstitial brachytherapy (ISBT) for gynecologic cancers.

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Midbrain Synchrony to Envelope Structure Supports Behavioral Sensitivity to Single-Formant Vowel-Like Sounds in Noise

Abstract

Vowels make a strong contribution to speech perception under natural conditions. Vowels are encoded in the auditory nerve primarily through neural synchrony to temporal fine structure and to envelope fluctuations rather than through average discharge rate. Neural synchrony is thought to contribute less to vowel coding in central auditory nuclei, consistent with more limited synchronization to fine structure and the emergence of average-rate coding of envelope fluctuations. However, this hypothesis is largely unexplored, especially in background noise. The present study examined coding mechanisms at the level of the midbrain that support behavioral sensitivity to simple vowel-like sounds using neurophysiological recordings and matched behavioral experiments in the budgerigar. Stimuli were harmonic tone complexes with energy concentrated at one spectral peak, or formant frequency, presented in quiet and in noise. Behavioral thresholds for formant-frequency discrimination decreased with increasing amplitude of stimulus envelope fluctuations, increased in noise, and were similar between budgerigars and humans. Multiunit recordings in awake birds showed that the midbrain encodes vowel-like sounds both through response synchrony to envelope structure and through average rate. Whereas neural discrimination thresholds based on either coding scheme were sufficient to support behavioral thresholds in quiet, only synchrony-based neural thresholds could account for behavioral thresholds in background noise. These results reveal an incomplete transformation to average-rate coding of vowel-like sounds in the midbrain. Model simulations suggest that this transformation emerges due to modulation tuning, which is shared between birds and mammals. Furthermore, the results underscore the behavioral relevance of envelope synchrony in the midbrain for detection of small differences in vowel formant frequency under real-world listening conditions.



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In Vitro Cell Culture System Optimization of Keratinocytes from Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) patients

Abstract

Objectives

The aim of this study was to optimize the culture system of keratinocytes obtained from oral lichen planus (OLP) patients and verify whether this model could simulate the local inflammatory environment of OLP.

Materials and methods

Keratinocytes were isolated from 48 OLP patients and cultured in vitro. The ultrastructure of OLP keratinocytes was observed via electron microscopy. The expression of pancytokeratin and vimentin was determined by immunohistochemistry, and the proliferation of OLP keratinocytes was measured by CCK-8 assay. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect TLR4 and NF-κB p65 expression, and the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the supernatant were measured by ELISA.

Results

When seeded in plates precoated with recombinant human type-1 collagen, keratinocytes isolated from patients who received systemic antifungal treatment and were younger than 40 years were more successful to be cultured in vitro. Characteristic pancytokeratin was expressed in almost all OLP keratinocytes. Compared with normal oral keratinocytes, OLP keratinocytes demonstrated higher levels of TLR4/NF-κB p65 and inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α.

Conclusions

We successfully optimized the culture system of OLP keratinocytes,which mimicked the local inflammatory environment of OLP and may be used as a cell model of OLP.

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IL-17; overview and role in oral immunity and microbiome

Abstract

Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a multifaceted cytokine with diverse roles both in immune-protection and also immunopathology. IL-17 has a well-recognized role in immune surveillance at mucosal and barrier surfaces (Miossec & Kolls, 2012, Song et al., 2016) but also has been increasingly implicated as a driver of immunopathology in settings of autoimmunity and chronic inflammation (Gaffen et al., 2014).

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A Case of Reactive Cervical Lymphadenopathy with Fat Necrosis Impinging on Adjacent Vascular Structures

A tender neck mass in adults can be a diagnostic challenge due to a wide differential diagnosis, which ranges from reactive lymphadenopathy to malignancy. In this report, we describe a case of a young female with an unusually large and tender reactive lymph node with fat necrosis. The diagnostic imaging findings alone mimicked that of scrofula and malignancy, which prompted a complete workup. Additionally, the enlarged lymph node was compressing the internal jugular vein in the setting of oral contraceptive use by the patient, raising concern for Lemierre's syndrome or internal jugular vein thrombosis. This report shows how, in the appropriate clinical context, and especially with the involvement of adjacent respiratory or neurovascular structures, aggressive diagnostic testing can be indicated.

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Case 32-2016: A 20-Year-Old Man with Gynecomastia

Presentation of Case. Dr. Laura E. Dichtel (Endocrinology): A 20-year-old man was evaluated at this hospital because of gynecomastia. The patient came to the hospital for a routine annual examination to establish adult care. He reported a 3-year history of bilateral breast enlargement, with no…

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Inconceivable Hypokalemia: A Case Report of Acute Severe Barium Chloride Poisoning

Barium is a heavy divalent alkaline earth metal that has been known as a muscle poison. Barium can cause human toxicity, which may lead to significant hypokalemia and have serious consequences. This paper reports a case of unprecedented barium intoxication in which the patient, who suffered from depression, swallowed at least 3.0 g barium chloride to commit suicide. On admission, the patient presented with nausea, vomiting, stomach burning feeling, dizziness, and weakness. Emergency biochemical testing showed that the patient was suffering from severe hypokalemia (K+ 1.7 mmol/L). His electrocardiogram (ECG) prompted atrioventricular blocking, ventricular tachycardia, prolongation of PR interval, ST segment depression with U waves, and T wave inversion. Intravenous potassium supplements were given immediately to correct hypokalemia and regular monitoring of vital signs and fluid balance was arranged. After all-out rescue of our hospital personnel, the condition of the patient is currently stable and he is gradually recovering. This case exemplifies the weaknesses of the management of toxic substances and the lack of mental health education for young people. We hope to get more attention for the supervision of toxic substances and the healthy development of young people.

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A Rare Case of an Irreducible Patella Dislocation

Reports of irreducible patellar dislocations are exceedingly sparse throughout the literature. Obvious radiographic or physical exam findings including fracture or inversion of the patella are often present to explain the block to reduction. Not described previously in the literature is the instance of an irreducible patella dislocation in the setting of innocuous appearing injury imaging. We present a case of a healthy thirty-two-year-old female who sustained an irreducible lateral patella dislocation while participating in a dance aerobics class. Closed means of reduction were unsuccessful, necessitating open reduction. Intraoperative findings suggest incarceration of a nondisplaced fracture and a chondral defect as the block to reduction. Following open reduction, the patient has had no further episodes of pain or instability related to the patella at one-year follow-up. Irreducible patellar dislocations are exceedingly rare injuries, where associated osseous or chondral lesions may necessitate open reduction despite innocuous appearing initial imaging. A high index of suspicion to proceed with open reduction may limit repeated attempts at closed reduction and further injury.

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Adalimumab Induced or Provoked MS in Patient with Autoimmune Uveitis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Anti-tumor necrosis factor α (anti-TNF-α) agents have been widely used in the field of autoimmune diseases and have proved decisive efficacy and relative safety. Data concerning their adverse effects has been lately describing central nervous system (CNS) demyelination process at escalating basis. Case Presentation. A 23-year-old male with autoimmune uveitis and a family history of multiple sclerosis (MS) developed two neurological attacks, after Adalimumab infusion, simultaneously with several cerebral lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Hence the diagnosis of Adalimumab induced MS was suspected. Conclusion. This case is reported to tell physicians to be cautious when using anti-TNF-α in patients with family history of MS and to reconsider the risk of MS in patients with autoimmune diseases.

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Bowel Ischemia from Heat Stroke: A Rare Presentation of an Uncommon Complication

A healthy 27-year-old female presented to the hospital after she collapsed an hour into her first marathon run on a hot humid day. On presentation, she was hyperthermic, encephalopathic, tachycardic, and hypotensive. On admission, she was found to have lactic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, and acute kidney injury and was treated with cold normal saline and cooling blankets. She subsequently started having abdominal pain and bloody bowel movements. Computed tomography of the abdomen revealed ascending colon thickening. Furthermore, her lab findings showed transaminitis and elevated coagulation parameters. Due to the acute hypotensive state from the heat stroke, patient had developed bowel ischemia, ischemic hepatitis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation, all of which are uncommon complications of heat stroke. She was managed aggressively with intravenous fluid hydration with resolution of her symptoms over the course of 4 days. In addition to the uncommon complications, early presentation of this bowel ischemia despite adequate hydration in such a healthy individual is another unique aspect of the case.

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