Prospective, open-label, rater-blinded and self-controlled pilot study of the treatment of proliferating superficial infantile hemangiomas with 0.5% topical timolol cream versus 595-nm pulsed dye laser

Abstract

Topical timolol and 595-nm pulsed dye laser (PDL) are both widely used in the treatment of superficial infantile hemangiomas (IH). However, to date, there is no reliable study comparing the therapeutic outcomes between the two treatment options. We designed the present study to evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of timolol cream and PDL in the treatment of superficial proliferating IH. Twenty-one patients with superficial IH were included in the study. Each lesion was divided into two regions; one part was treated with 0.5% topical timolol cream four times daily, and the other part was treated monthly with PDL. Both treatments were continued for 2–6 months. Five independent and blinded assessors were asked to judge the results in both the topical timolol-treated and PDL-treated parts by comparing photographs taken before and after treatment. Both treatments resulted in significant clinical improvements after 3.39 sessions in the 2-month follow up. The average visual evaluation showed that PDL had significantly better results than topical timolol (6.55 ± 2.26 to 4.98 ± 2.92, P < 0.01). No patients experienced permanent side-effects during the treatment. Our short-term study revealed that PDL had better results compared with topical timolol cream application in the treatment of superficial proliferating IH. Further studies with longer follow-up time and larger sample size are required to validate our findings.

http://ift.tt/2lFoVIu

Cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Exophiala jeanselmei in a healthy individual

http://ift.tt/2kiknM5

Acute edema/cutaneous distension syndrome due to POEMS syndrome

http://ift.tt/2kYxSgU

LUMBAR syndrome: A case manifesting as cutaneous infantile hemangiomas of the lower extremity, perineum and gluteal region, and a review of published work

Abstract

We herein report a rare case of LUMBAR syndrome. A 1-month-old female infant presented with extensive segmental hemangiomas on the left lower extremity, left perineum and gluteal region with ulceration. Bilateral labia minoras were asymmetrical. Both legs were asymmetrical with left leg atrophy, and the intergluteal cleft was deviated. A dark red pustule and a sacrococcygeal dimple could be seen in the lumbosacral region. Lipomyelomeningocele, tethered cord and sacrum dysplasia were noted by magnetic resonance imaging. The patient was found to have an absent left kidney at 32 weeks of pregnancy. Eventually, we draw the diagnosis of LUMBAR syndrome. In addition, we discuss the clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment and pathogenesis by a review of published work.

http://ift.tt/2kJmTcP

Epidemiology and cardiovascular comorbidities in patients with psoriasis: A Korean nationwide population-based cohort study

Abstract

There is a lack of nationwide studies examining the epidemiology and comorbidities of psoriasis vulgaris (PsV) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in Asian populations. The purpose of this study is to determine the demographics of psoriasis in Korea along with the incidence of cerebro-cardiovascular (CV) comorbidities and to compare these risks between populations with PsA and with PsV. This cohort study identified 15 484 patients with psoriasis among 855 003 subjects in the Korean National Health Insurance Database from 2002 through 2010. The cases were further classified into PsA and PsV. We used hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from the univariate and age–sex adjusted logistic regression model to assess the risk of comorbidities in patients with PsA and PsV. The annual prevalence of psoriasis increased from 313.2 to 453.5/100 000 people from 2002 through 2010; however, the overall incidence rate for psoriasis slightly decreased (252.7–212.6/100 000 population). Of psoriatic patients, 10.8% had PsA, and after adjusting for age and sex, PsA patients had a significantly higher risk of dyslipidemia than PsV patients (adjusted HR, 1.185; 95% CI, 1.049–1.338). When stratified by age group, subjects aged 20–39 years had a higher risk of stroke and many CV risk factors. In conclusion, the prevalence of psoriasis, while within the range of previous reports, tended to increase over time. Patients with PsA had higher burdens of specific comorbid diseases than those with PsV, especially at a comparatively early age.

http://ift.tt/2kYEAU3

Combined in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy and digital dermoscopy for follow up of patients at high risk of malignant melanoma: A prospective case series study

Abstract

Digital dermoscopy (DD) follow up is a useful strategy for monitoring patients at high risk of melanoma. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a valuable second-level examination after dermoscopy for the evaluation of difficult to diagnose lesions. The aim of this study was to assess the value of RCM in routine DD monitoring of patients at high risk of melanoma. In this prospective study, performed over 22 months, changing melanocytic lesions were detected by DD and excised. RCM imaging was performed before surgical excision of all the lesions, and histopathology used as the gold standard diagnostic test. Eighty-seven lesions, including 11 thin melanomas, were studied. Dermoscopic evaluation at follow up revealed a significant association between melanoma and asymmetry in two axes (P = 0.035). Enlargement and other changes in structure or color did not significantly differ between nevi and melanomas. Widespread pagetoid cells, non-edged papillae, irregular and dishomogeneous junctional clusters, and sheet-like structures were significantly associated with malignancy (P < 0.001). RCM allowed accurate diagnosis of melanoma in 10 of 11 cases (90.9%). The remaining case was classified as a dysplastic nevus. Forty-six lesions (52.8%) in which RCM revealed no atypia were deemed unnecessarily removed. This study was limited by sample size. In conclusion, combined DD and RCM facilitates the recognition of thin malignant melanomas and reduces unnecessary excisions.

http://ift.tt/2kJoyPy

Infiltration of mast cells in pachydermia of pachydermoperiostosis

http://ift.tt/2kYAUBP

Unusual location of primary hydatid cyst diagnosed on aspiration cytology

Summary

Hydatid cyst (HC) is a parasitic infection caused by Echinococcus granulosus. It occurs frequently in liver and lungs. Hydatid cyst of neck is extremely rare occurrence, and here, we report it with this unusual location. A 25-year-old male nonhypertensive and nondiabetic presented with slowly growing painless swelling in right side of neck for 4-5 years. The swelling measured 5 × 3 cm and was of soft to firm consistency. Fine needle aspiration cytology yielded fluid aspirate and smear showed features suggestive of HC. The intact cyst was removed surgically, and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of hydatid cyst.

http://ift.tt/2lA839Q

Clinical efficacy and safety evaluation of a novel fractional unipolar radiofrequency device on facial tightening: A preliminary report

Summary

Background

Previous studies have shown that radiofrequency (RF) energy is safe and effective for improving skin laxity. Unlike monopolar and bipolar devices, little has been studied with the unipolar hand piece.

Objectives

We sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel fractional unipolar RF device on facial tightening.

Patients and Methods

This was a retrospective, single-center study of 14 subjects with age-related facial laxity who underwent five sessions of fractional unipolar RF at an interval of 2 weeks, and then followed-up for 3 months. Standardized photos were taken at baseline and at 3-months follow-up, and were assessed by two independent dermatologists using a 4-point scale (0=no improvement, 1=mild improvement, 2=moderate improvement, 3=significant improvement). Punch biopsies (2 mm) were performed and a questionnaire was used to evaluate the patient's satisfaction and the incidence of adverse reactions.

Results

Fourteen subjects with mild to moderate age-related facial laxity were included in the study. The mean age of the subjects was 49.7 years (range 32-80). 35.7% of the subjects showed significant improvement, 50% moderate improvement, and 14.3% slight improvement of facial laxity in their follow-up photos. About 85.7% of the patients replied that they were either greatly satisfied or satisfied with the results at 3-months follow-up. Skin biopsies revealed an increase in collagen in the dermis. None of the subjects experienced any serious adverse events during or after the procedure.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that fractional Unipolar RF can be safely performed on the face and is effective in skin tightening. It has a great advantage over other forms of RF by being entirely painless.

http://ift.tt/2lFkJIv

The role of histological presentation in erythroderma

Abstract

Background

Erythroderma is a serious medical condition characterized by inflamed red skin involving over 90% of the body. It can be the common presentation of different diseases, therefore clinical diagnosis can be problematic. Controversial data are reported regarding the diagnostic value of histological examination in erythroderma subjects.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed, investigating histological skin specimens of patients with a clinical diagnosis of erythroderma admitted to the Department of Dermatology of State Pediatric Medical University, Saint Petersburg, from 2001 to 2014. Histopathology examination was performed in each case by a pathologist with a special interest in the skin disease who was blind to any clinical information as well as to final diagnosis.

Results

Blinded histopathology examination alone was able to give the correct diagnosis in 61% (n = 50/82) of cases when compared to final diagnosis. A diagnosis of psoriasis was made in 23.2% (n = 19/82) of subjects, spongiotic dermatitis/eczema in 20.7% (n = 17/82), mycosis fungoides in 8.5% (n = 7/82), and drug eruption in 8.5%; histological diagnosis was inconclusive or not matching the final diagnosis when available in the remaining 39.1% of cases (n = 32/82).

Conclusion

Erythroderma remains a condition difficult to study and treat. We showed that a correct judgment about its cause can be based on objective histopathological criteria in up to 60% of cases. More studies are needed to try to find out further histological and/or immunohistochemical markers that could help the clinician with the erythroderma etiology diagnostic process.

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Dermatologic concerns communicated through Twitter

http://ift.tt/2l5Wuqt

Acute Vision Loss Following Endoscopic Sinus Surgery

A 41-year-old female with a history of uterine cancer and Celiac and Raynaud's Disease presented to our institution with frequent migraines and nasal congestion. She underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) and experienced acute unilateral vision loss postoperatively. Rapid recognition of the etiology and effective treatment are paramount given the permanent and irreversible vision loss that can result. Arterial vasospasm following FESS is rare. Patients with autoimmune diseases have perhaps an increased risk for vasospasm secondary to an increased vasoreactive profile. We present the first documented case of nitroglycerin sublingual therapy to successfully treat ophthalmic artery vasospasm following FESS. Nitroglycerin sublingual therapy is a promising treatment for ophthalmic vasospasm secondary to its ability to cross the blood-ocular barrier, its rapid onset of action, and its ability to promote relaxation of vascular smooth muscle.

http://ift.tt/2l5wFqt

FROM PERIODONTAL MECHANORECEPTORS TO CHEWING MOTOR CONTROL: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Publication date: Available online 13 February 2017
Source:Archives of Oral Biology
Author(s): Piancino Maria Grazia, Isola Gaetano, Cannavale Rosangela, Cutroneo Giuseppina, Vermiglio Giovanna, Bracco Pietro, Anastasi Giuseppe Pio
PurposeThis critical review summarizes the current knowledge of the structural and functional characteristics of periodontal mechanoreceptors, and understands their role in the signal pathways and functional motor control.MethodA systematic review of the literature was conducted. Original articles were searched through Pubmed, Cochrane Central database and Embase until january 2016.Result1466 articles were identified through database searching and screened by reviewing the abstracts. 160 full-text were assessed for eligibility, and after 109 exclusion, 51 articles were included in the review process. Studies selected by the review process were mainly divided in studies on animal and studies on humans. Morphological, histological, molecular and electrophysiological studies investigating the periodontal mechanoreceptors in animals and in humans were included, evaluated and described.ConclusionOur knowledge of the periodontal mechanoreceptors, let us conclude that they are very refined neural receptors, deeply involved in the activation and coordination of the masticatory muscles during function. Strictly linked to the rigid structure of the teeth, they determine all the functional physiological and pathological processes of the stomatognathic system. The knowledge of their complex features is fundamental for all dental professionists. Further investigations are of utmost importance for guiding the technological advances in the respect of the neural control in the dental field.



http://ift.tt/2kmBGXv

FROM PERIODONTAL MECHANORECEPTORS TO CHEWING MOTOR CONTROL: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Publication date: Available online 13 February 2017
Source:Archives of Oral Biology
Author(s): Piancino Maria Grazia, Isola Gaetano, Cannavale Rosangela, Cutroneo Giuseppina, Vermiglio Giovanna, Bracco Pietro, Anastasi Giuseppe Pio
PurposeThis critical review summarizes the current knowledge of the structural and functional characteristics of periodontal mechanoreceptors, and understands their role in the signal pathways and functional motor control.MethodA systematic review of the literature was conducted. Original articles were searched through Pubmed, Cochrane Central database and Embase until january 2016.Result1466 articles were identified through database searching and screened by reviewing the abstracts. 160 full-text were assessed for eligibility, and after 109 exclusion, 51 articles were included in the review process. Studies selected by the review process were mainly divided in studies on animal and studies on humans. Morphological, histological, molecular and electrophysiological studies investigating the periodontal mechanoreceptors in animals and in humans were included, evaluated and described.ConclusionOur knowledge of the periodontal mechanoreceptors, let us conclude that they are very refined neural receptors, deeply involved in the activation and coordination of the masticatory muscles during function. Strictly linked to the rigid structure of the teeth, they determine all the functional physiological and pathological processes of the stomatognathic system. The knowledge of their complex features is fundamental for all dental professionists. Further investigations are of utmost importance for guiding the technological advances in the respect of the neural control in the dental field.



http://ift.tt/2kmBGXv

Retrospective Evaluation of Three Different Joint Surgeries for Internal Derangements of the Temporomandibular Joint

To compare the outcomes achieved with eminectomy, discectomy alone, and discectomy with an abdominal dermis fat graft (D+ADFG) in the treatment of internal derangements (IDs) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and to briefly discuss the failed cases in which a second operation was needed.

http://ift.tt/2km6SG9

Structured evaluation and need-based restructuring of the cranio-maxillofacial surgery module within surgical clerkship

Evaluations are important for teaching courses and contribute to educational quality assurance. CMF surgery provides a module in the skills-lab week in preparation for surgical clerkship. Even though the CMF module receives positive evaluations, the students report deviating content. Subsequently, exams skills were often not mastered correctly. The aim of this study is to gather the contents taught within the course and to revise the module accordingly.

http://ift.tt/2l9lhcR

Surgical Rehabilitation for Anophthalmic Sockets Devoid of Orbital Implant

To determine the necessity of rehabilitative surgical procedures for no implant anophthalmic sockets, and predictive factors of corrective operations after secondary orbital implantation.

http://ift.tt/2kmk51x

Comparison of functional outcomes and patient-reported satisfaction between titanium and absorbable plates and screws for fixation of mandibular fractures: a one-year prospective study

The aim of this study is to compare the 1-year functional outcomes and patient-reported satisfaction in treating mandibular fractures between resorbable and titanium fixation devices.

http://ift.tt/2l9m4dG

Preliminary research on DNA methylation changes during murine palatogenesis induced by TCDD

2,3,7,8-tetrachlrodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) has been shown to induce cleft palate through growth factor and receptor expression changes during palatogenesis. DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification that can regulate gene expressions and may be involved in TCDD-induced cleft palate. In this study, we investigated the effects of TCDD on the global and CpG DNA methylation status and the expression levels of DNA methyltransferases(Dnmts) in palate tissue of fetal mice. Pregnant C57BL/6J mice were administered with corn oil or TCDD 28μg/kg at gestation day 10.5(GD10.5), and sacrificed at GD13.5,14.5,15.5.Fetal palates were collected for molecular analysis.

http://ift.tt/2klXen6

Radiation-free 3D head shape and volume evaluation after endoscopically assisted strip craniectomy followed by helmet therapy for trigonocephaly

Radiation-free 3D post-operative sequential follow-up in craniosynostosis is hindered by the lack of consistent markers restricting evaluation to subjective comparison. However, using the computed cranial focal point (CCFP), it is possible to perform correct sequential image superposition and objective evaluation. We used this technique for mean volume and shape change evaluation of the head utilizing 3D photos after endoscopically assisted trigonocephaly surgery.

http://ift.tt/2l9wc67

Perioral soft tissue change after isolated mandibular surgery for asymmetry patients

This study was intended to determine whether isolated mandibular surgery for the correction of asymmetry could also change perioral soft tissue asymmetry.

http://ift.tt/2kmbhJl

Treatment Outcome in Orthognathic Surgery - a prospective comparison of accuracy in computer assisted two and three-dimensional prediction techniques

The main objective of the present study was to assess the accuracy of two- and three-dimensional prediction techniques in orthognathic surgery. It was also a test of the very planning sequence. The scientific question was how well does the software support the surgeon in his way to find the perfect correction of the facial appearance while normalizing the occlusion?Thirty patients with a class III occlusion were included in this prospective study. Surgical planning with both techniques were undertaken for all patients.

http://ift.tt/2l9vTbI

The Current Preferred Female Lip Ratio

Perception of beauty is influenced by the individual's demographic background and characteristics. However, objective measurements and ratios remain the foundation for aesthetic evaluations. This study aimed to elucidate if there exists a universally applicable ideal upper to lower lip ratio.

http://ift.tt/2km8WOl

Resolution of neurosensory deficit after mandibular orthognathic surgery: A prospective longitudinal study

Neurosensory deficit (NSD) after orthognathic surgery is common as reported in the literature1-7. Trigeminal nerve branches can be traumatized during orthognathic procedures and manifest as sensory impairment of the lips, facial skin, teeth and gingiva of the affected area postoperatively8, 9. Mandibular orthognathic procedures are particularly risky in causing NSD when compared to maxillary procedures10,11. Inferior alveolar nerve could be exposed in certain mandibular procedures like sagittal split ramus osteotomy, and nerve injury by traction or compression could be unavoidable.

http://ift.tt/2l9zxlY

Radiological changes with magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography after irradiating minipig mandibles: The role of T2-SPIR mixed signal intensities in the detection of osteoradionecrosis

Radiotherapy in the head and neck can induce several radiologically detectable changes in bone, osteoradionecrosis (ORN) among them. The purpose is to investigate radiological changes in mandibular bone after irradiation with various doses with and without surgery and to determine imaging characteristics of radiotherapy and ORN in an animal model.

http://ift.tt/2km3hrF

Bone regeneration enhancement by ultra-violet (UV) treatment for uHA/PLLA absorbable mesh

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of bone regeneration enhancement by ultra-violet (UV) treatment of an unsintered hydroxyapatite (u-HA)/poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) mesh in rabbitnasal bone.

http://ift.tt/2l9seuz

Erratum to ‘Cytoreductive surgery for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in the new age of immunotherapy’ [Oral Oncol. 61 (2016) 166–176]

The publisher regrets that R. Bryan Bell's forename appeared incorrectly in the original article. It appears correctly above.

http://ift.tt/2lyUx6K

High toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 expression is associated with better prognosis in surgically treated pancreatic cancer patients

Abstract

Pancreatic cancer remains one of the deadliest malignancies in the world. Inflammatory response and tumor environment are thought to play a major role in its pathogenesis. Knowledge on TLR expression and impact on patient survival in pancreatic cancer is limited. The study's aim was to clarify the role of different TLRs in pancreatic cancer. TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 expression was investigated in 65 surgically resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma specimens by immunohistochemistry. The association between TLR expression, clinical parameters, and local inflammatory response to the tumor was assessed using chi-square test. Relation between patient survival and TLR expression was calculated with multivariable Cox regression, adjusted for age, sex, and tumor stage. We found TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 to be expressed in pancreatic cancer. There was no association between TLR expression and tumor stage, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, or tumor necrosis. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, high cytoplasmic TLR9 expression was associated with longer patient survival, and multivariate analysis identified low TLR9 expression as an independent risk factor for cancer-specific death (HR 3.090, 95% CI 1.673–5.706). The results suggest that high TLR9 expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma indicates improved prognosis. The prognostic effect of TLR9 might be associated with bacterial exposure, but this needs further evidence.

http://ift.tt/2lyWlg0

B cell activating factor (BAFF) selects IL-10−B cells over IL-10+B cells during inflammatory responses

Publication date: May 2017
Source:Molecular Immunology, Volume 85
Author(s): Ning Ma, Yu Zhang, Qilin Liu, Zhiding Wang, Xiaoling Liu, Gaizhi Zhu, Dandan Yu, Gencheng Han, Guojiang Chen, Chunmei Hou, Tianxiao Wang, Yuanfang Ma, Beifen Shen, Yan Li, He Xiao, Renxi Wang
B cell activating factor (BAFF) regulates B cell maturation, survival, function, and plays a critical pathogenic role in autoimmune diseases. It remains unclear how BAFF affects IL-10⁻B cells versus regulatory B cells (Bregs) in inflammatory responses. In this study, we found that IL-10-expressing Bregs decreased in lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice. On blockade of the effects of BAFF with TACI-IgG, IL-10⁺ Bregs were upregulated in MRL/lpr and EAE mice. In addition, BAFF expanded IL-10⁺B cells over IL-10⁻B cells under noninflammatory conditions in vitro, whereas it expanded IL-10⁻B cells over IL-10⁺B cells during inflammatory responses, such as stimulation with autoantigen and LPS. Finally, the selection of IL-10⁻B cells over IL-10⁺B cells by BAFF was dependent on BAFF receptors (BAFFR, TACI, and BCMA) that were upregulated by inflammatory responses. This study suggests that BAFF selects IL-10⁻B cells over IL-10⁺ regulatory B cells via BAFF receptors in inflammatory responses.



http://ift.tt/2kkZCdI

A white man with Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease mimicking lymphoma, preceded by frequent episodes of tonsillitis: a case report

Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease is a very rare cause of benign lymphadenopathy affecting mainly young Asiatic females. Little is known about the causative agent of Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease; however, there are hypothe...

http://ift.tt/2lDGSY0

Enteric helminth-induced type-I interferon signalling protects against pulmonary virus infection through interaction with the microbiota

Publication date: Available online 11 February 2017
Source:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Author(s): Amanda J. McFarlane, Henry J. McSorley, Donald J. Davidson, Paul M. Fitch, Claire Errington, Karen J. Mackenzie, Eva S. Gollwitzer, Chris J.C. Johnston, Andrew S. MacDonald, Michael R. Edwards, Nicola L. Harris, Benjamin J. Marsland, Rick M. Maizels, Jürgen Schwarze
BackgroundHelminth parasites have been reported to have beneficial immune modulatory effects in allergic and autoimmune conditions and detrimental consequences in tuberculosis and some viral infections. Their role in co-infection with respiratory viruses is not clear.ObjectiveHere, we investigated the effects of strictly enteric helminth infection with Heligmosomoides polygyrus on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in a mouse model.MethodsA murine helminth/ RSV co-infection model was developed. Mice were infected by oral gavage with 200 stage 3 H. polygyrus larvae. 10 days later, mice were infected with either RSV or UV-inactivated RSV (UV-RSV) intranasally.ResultsH. polygyrus infected mice showed significantly less disease and pulmonary inflammation after RSV infection, associated with reduced viral load. Adaptive immune responses including Th2 responses were not essential since protection against RSV was maintained in RAG1^-/- and IL-4Rα^-/- mice. Importantly, H. polygyrus infection upregulated expression of type I IFNs and IFN stimulated genes (ISG) in both the duodenum and the lung, and its protective effects were lost in both IFNAR1^-/- and germ-free mice, revealing essential roles for type I IFN signalling and microbiota in H. polygyrus induced protection against RSV.ConclusionThese data demonstrate that a strictly enteric helminth infection can have remote protective antiviral effects in the lung through induction of a microbiota-dependent type I IFN response.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

Strictly enteric helminth infection protects against RSV-infection through microbiota-dependent induction of type I interferon in the lung, a novel mechanism which in the future may reveal new targets for the prevention and treatment of RSV infection.


http://ift.tt/2kyBNjh

IL-33 dysregulates regulatory T (Treg) cells and impairs established immunological tolerance in the lungs

Publication date: Available online 11 February 2017
Source:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Author(s): Chien-Chang Chen, Takao Kobayashi, Koji Iijima, Fan-Chi Hsu, Hirohito Kita
BackgroundAirway exposure to environmental antigens generally leads to immunological tolerance. A fundamental question remains: why is airway tolerance compromised in patients with allergic airway diseases? Interleukin (IL)-33 promotes innate and adaptive type 2 immunity and may provide the answer to this question.ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to investigate the roles IL-33 plays in altering regulatory T (Treg) cells in the lungs and in affecting previously established airway immunological tolerance.MethodsWe analyzed CD4⁺ forkhead box p3 (Foxp3)⁺ Treg cells that were isolated from the lungs of naïve BALB/c mice and those treated with IL-33. Airway tolerance and allergen-induced airway inflammation models in mice were used to investigate how IL-33 affects established immunological tolerance in vivo.ResultsCD4⁺Foxp3⁺ Treg cells in the lungs expressed IL-33 receptor ST2. When exposed to IL-33, Treg cells upregulated their expression of canonical Th2 transcription factor GATA3 as well as ST2, and produced type 2 cytokines. Treg cells lost their ability to suppress effector T cells in the presence of IL-33. Airway administration of IL-33 with an antigen impaired the immunological tolerance in the lungs that had been established by prior exposure to the antigen. Dysregulated Foxp3⁺ Treg cells with distinct characteristics of Th2 cells increased in the lungs of the mice undergoing IL-33-dependent allergen-driven airway inflammation.ConclusionsIL-33 dysregulated lung Treg cells and impaired immunological tolerance to inhaled antigens. Established airway tolerance may not be sustained in the presence of an innate immunological stimulation, such as IL-33.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

Using mouse models, Chen et al. showed that IL-33 dysregulated Treg cells in the lungs of mice toward a "Th2 cell-like" phenotype and impaired established immunological tolerance in the lungs.


http://ift.tt/2kyMnqw