Testing different sources of environmental unpredictability on adolescent functioning: ancestral cue versus statistical learning and the role of temperament

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Testing different sources of environmental unpredictability on adolescent functioning: ancestral cue versus statistical learning and the role of temperament via Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry Background The dimensional model of environmental adversity highlighted the effects of an unpredictable environment in promoting risky development. Toward gaining greater specificity in understanding, this multimethod, longitudinal study investigated the role of two sources of environmental unpredictability—ancestral cues versus statistical learning, and their interaction with dove temperament conceptualized within the evolutionary model of temperament, in shaping adolescent functioning. Methods Participants were 192 families with an adolescent (M age = 12.4) followed for two annual waves. We measured unpredictability within the ancestral-cue approach as incidents of disruptive family events, and statistical-learning unpredictability as the random variability in observed moment-to-moment maternal hostility during parent–child interaction. We focused on dove temperament, which characterizes strategies of cautious and inhibited behavior in novel contexts and persistence and intrinsic engagement in benign contexts. Results Findings indicated unique effects of ancestral-cue versus statistical-learning unpredictability—in interaction with dove temperament—in association with adolescent functioning. Ancestral-cue unpredictability interacted with dove temperament in association with vagal stress reactivity, and the interactive effects of statistical-learning unpredictability were only associated with set-shifting. Furthermore, the family instability-x-dove temperament interaction was linked to adolescent adjustment via vagal reactivity. Adolescents with lower dove temperament showed dampened vagal reactivity within the more unpredictable environments, which was in turn associated with a greater decrease in social withdrawal over time. Conclusions The findings highlighted the specificity in different sources of environmental unpredictability in shaping adolescent development. View on Web

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Characteristics of Orbital Injuries Associated with Maxillofacial Trauma

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Characteristics of Orbital Injuries Associated with Maxillofacial Trauma via The Laryngoscope Introduction The incidence of ocular injury associated with maxillofacial trauma remains poorly defined, with reported rates ranging from 0.8% to 92%. Our study aims to more accurately characterize ocular injuries associated with midface fractures. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 1677 patients from 2015 to 2020 with midface fractures at a Level I trauma center. Isolated nasal bone and frontal process of the maxilla fractures were excluded. Demographic information, mechanism of injury, need for surgery, and ophthalmologic findings were documented. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS. Results 773 patients between the ages of 15 and 92 were identified. Trauma most commonly resulted from assault (63.8%). The association between the mechanism of injury and ocular injury was statistically significant (p = 0.003), with 78.6% of gunshot wounds and 44.3% of assault patients having an ocular injury. The Ophthalmology service evaluated 62.6% of cases preoperatively. Minor ocular injury occurred in 36% of patients, including 46.1% of isolated orbital floor, and 28.2% of zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures. Major ocular injury occurred in 10.5% of patients. Conclusions Over 10% of patients with midface fractures were found to have major ocular injuries. Ophthalmologic exams should be performed for all patients with midface fractures to guide clinical decision making and prevent further intraoperative ocular insults. Level of Evidence Level 4. This study represents a retrospective cohort study analyzing ocular injuries detected in patients presenting to a Level I trauma center with maxillofacial fractures between 2015 and 2020 Laryngoscope, 2022 View on Web

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Let's talk about faces: Identifying faces from verbal descriptions

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Let's talk about faces: Identifying faces from verbal descriptions via British Journal of Psychology Abstract Face descriptions inform real-world identification decisions, for example when eyewitnesses describe criminal perpetrators. However, it is unclear how effective face descriptions are for identification. Here, we examined the accuracy of face identification from verbal descriptions, and how individual differences in face perception relate to producing and using descriptions for identification. In Study 1, participants completed a face communication task in pairs. Each participant saw a single face, and via verbal communication only, the pair decided if they were viewing the same person or different people. Dyads achieved 72% accuracy, compared to 81% when participants completed the task individually by matching face pairs side-by-side. Performance on the face communication and perceptual matching tasks were uncorrelated, perhaps due to low measurement reliability of the face communication task. In subsequent studies, we examined the abilities of face 'describers' (Study 2) and 'identifiers' separately (Study 3). We found that 'super-recognizers' – people with extremely high perceptual face identification abilities – outperformed controls in both studies. Overall, these results show that people can successfully describe faces for identification. Preliminary evidence suggests that this ability – and the ability use facial descriptions for identification – has some association with perceptual face identification skill. View on Web

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Randomized phase III study of high-dose methotrexate and whole-brain radiotherapy with/without temozolomide for newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma: JCOG1114C

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Randomized phase III study of high-dose methotrexate and whole-brain radiotherapy with/without temozolomide for newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma: JCOG1114C via Neuro-Oncology Advance Access Abstract Background The goal was to determine whether the addition of temozolomide (TMZ) to the standard treatment of high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) and whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) for primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) improves survival. Methods An open-label, randomized, phase III trial was conducted in Japan, enrolling immunocompetent patients aged 20-70 years with histologically confirmed, newly diagnosed PCNSL. After administration of HD-MTX, patients were randomly assigned to receive WBRT (30 Gy) ± 10 Gy boost (arm A) or WBRT ± boost with concomitant and maintenance TMZ for two years (arm B). The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Results Between September 29, 2014 and October 15, 2018, 134 patients were enrolled, of whom 122 were randomly assigned and analyzed. At the planned interim analysis, two-year OS was 86.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 72.5-94.0%) in arm A and 71.4% (56.0-82.2%) in arm B. The hazard ratio was 2.18 (95% CI: 0.95 to 4.98), with the predicted probability of showing the superiority of arm B at the final analysis estimated to be 1.3%. The study was terminated early due to futility. O 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation status was measured in 115 tumors, and it was neither prognostic nor predictive of TMZ response. Conclusions This study failed to demonstrate the benefit of concomitant and maintenance TMZ in newly diagnosed PCNSL. View on Web

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Endoscopic transoral approach to the lateral poststyloid space

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Endoscopic transoral approach to the lateral poststyloid space via Head & Neck Abstract The lateral poststyloid space (LPSS) located at the posterolateral aspect of the styloid process. This study aims to explore the anatomical relationships in LPSS via a transoral corridor, providing reference for addressing lesions extending to this region. An endoscopic transoral approach for exposure of the LPSS was performed on 6 cadaveric specimens (12 sides). Related landmarks were explored, and transoral extirpation of tumors extended into LPSS was employed in 12 patients. The deep lobe of the parotid gland, extratemporal facial nerve, and the accompanying artery in the LPSS were sufficiently exposed via the transoral corridor in all 12 cadaveric sides. The transoral corridor provided adequate exposure for tumors extending to the LPSS, and en bloc resection was achieved in these 12 patients. No facial nerve or vascular injury occurred, and no recurrence observed in this cohort with an average follow-up of 26 months. An endoscopic transoral approach provides a direct access to the LPSS. Appreciation of the anatomical relationships within the LPSS is valuable for employing a transoral extirpation of tumors extending to this specific region. View on Web

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Factors that influence the outcome of pulpotomy in permanent teeth

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Factors that influence the outcome of pulpotomy in permanent teeth via International Endodontic Journal Abstract The promotion of minimally-invasive treatments focussed on the maintenance of pulp vitality has become a priority area in Endodontics. These vital-pulp-treatments (VPT) include, partial and full pulpotomy, during which diseased coronal pulp tissue is removed prior to placement of a capping biomaterial and restoration. Traditionally, pulpotomies were confined to the treatment of carious deciduous and traumatised teeth. However, these treatments have now been proposed as definitive solutions for cariously-exposed permanent teeth with mild symptoms or even symptoms indicative of irreversible disease. Until recently, it was recommended that carious-exposure of mature permanent teeth be managed by root canal treatment. The promotion of pulpotomy as an alternative treatment has opened up a wave of laboratory and clinical research aimed at improving therapies or evaluating clinical outcomes. In modern evidence-based endodontics it is imperative that the outcomes of both partial and full pulpotomy are considered and important prognostic factors identified, so that improvements can be made to aid clinical decision-making and to direct new research. In this narrative review, the outcomes of partial and full pulpotomy are discussed, before analysis of patient, intraoperative and postoperative factors that influence the outcome of the pulpotomy procedure. The review highlights that although partial and full pulpotomy for the treatment of even pulpal disease are highly successful procedures, this is based on low-quality evidence with a lack of prospective, comparative trials investigating potential prognostic factors. Based on current evidence, it appears that age, gender, tooth type, root development and intraoperative pulpal haemorrhage do not impact significantly on pulpotomy outcome, while others such as caries depth, inflammatory status of the pulp, capping material, level of inflammatory pulpal-biomarkers and the final restoration integrity do. Other factors, inclu ding the influence of exposure type, periodontal condition, pulpal lavage, magnification, operator experience, isolation of the operating field and type of pulpotomy require further experimental investigation before definitive conclusions can be made relating to the success of the pulpotomy procedure. Finally, there is not only a need for future well-designed prospective research addressing these issues, but also a widening of our understanding of outcome to include patient-reported as well as clinician-reported outcomes. View on Web

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Gastrointestinal cancer occurs as extramuscular manifestation in FSHD1 patients

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Gastrointestinal cancer occurs as extramuscular manifestation in FSHD1 patients via Journal of Human Genetics - Issue - nature.com science feeds Journal of Human Genetics, Published online: 07 November 2022; doi:10.1038/s10038-022-01095-0 Gastrointestinal cancer occurs as extramuscular manifestation in FSHD1 patients View on Web

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