Αρχειοθήκη ιστολογίου

Αλέξανδρος Γ. Σφακιανάκης
ΩτοΡινοΛαρυγγολόγος
Αναπαύσεως 5
Άγιος Νικόλαος Κρήτη 72100
2841026182
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Δευτέρα 23 Μαΐου 2022

Die Vagusnervstimulation bei konservativ therapierefraktärer Epilepsie und DepressionVagus nerve stimulation for conservative therapy-refractive epilepsy and depression

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Laryngorhinootologie 2022; 101: S114-S143
DOI: 10.1055/a-1660-5591

Zahlreiche Studien belegen, dass die Vagusnervstimulation (VNS) eine effiziente indirekte neuromodulatorische Therapie mit intermittierend appliziertem elektrischen Strom darstellt für die medikamentös therapierefraktäre Epilepsie, die nicht epilepsiechirurgisch interveniert werden kann, und die medikamentös therapierefraktäre Depression. Bei der VNS handelt es sich um eine etablierte, Evidenz basierte und in der Langzeitbetrachtung kosteneffektive Therapie in einem interdisziplinären Gesamtkonzept.Es existieren Langzeitdaten zu Sicherheit und Verträglichkeit der Methode trotz großer Heterogenität der Patientenkollektive. Stimulationsbed ingte Nebenwirkungen wie Heiserkeit, Parästhesien, Husten, Dyspnoe sind abhängig von der Stimulationsstärke und häufig mit fortschreitender Therapiedauer in den Folgejahren rückläufig. Stimulationsbezogene Nebenwirkungen der VNS sind durch Veränderung der Stimulationsparameter gut beeinflussbar. Insgesamt ist die invasive Vagusnervstimulation als sichere und gut verträgliche Therapieoption anzusehen.Für die invasive und transkutane Vagusnervstimulation sind die antiepileptischen und antidepressiven sowie positive kognitive Effekte belegt. Im Gegensatz zu den Medikamenten wirkt sich die VNS nicht negativ auf die Kognition aus. Eine verbesserte Lebensqualität ist in vielen Fällen möglich.Die iVNS-Therapie hat eine geringe Wahrscheinlichkeit der kompletten Anfallsfreiheit bei fokaler und genetisch generalisierter Epilepsie. Sie ist als palliative Therapie anzusehen, dass heisst, sie führt nicht zur Heilung und erfordert die Fortführung der spezifischen Medikation. Als W irkprinzip wird eine allgemeine Reduktion neuronaler Exzitabilität betrachtet. Dieser Effekt stellt sich in einer langsamen Wirksamkeitssteigerung zum Teil über Jahre ein. Als Responder zählen Patienten mit einer mindestens 50%igen Reduktion der Anfallshäufigkeit. In Studien zeigt sich zum Teil in 20% der Fälle eine Anfallsfreiheit. Derzeit ist es nicht möglich, prätherapeutisch/präoperativ zwischen potentiellen Respondern und Non- Respondern zu differenzieren.Durch die aktuellen technischen Weiterentwicklungen der VNS zur responsiven VNS Therapy mit Herzraten-basierter-Anfalls-Erkennung (CBSD) reduziert sich neben der Epilepsie-Anfallsschwere auch das SUDEP-Risiko (sudden unexpected death in epilepsy patients).Die iVNS kann ein Schlaf-Apnoe-Syndrom verschlechtern und kann neben der engen Zusammenarbeit mit den Schlafmedizinern gegebenfalls eine nächtliche Therapiepause (z. B. Tag/Nacht-Programmierung) erfordern.In Auswertung der zahlreichen iVNS-Studien der letzten 2 Ja hrzehnte zeigten sich vielfältige positive Effekte auf weitere immunologische, kardiologische und gastroenterologische Erkrankungen, so dass sich je nach zukünftigen Studienergebnissen zusätzliche Therapieindikationen erwarten lassen. Aktuell ist die Vagusnervstimulation Gegenstand der Forschung in den Bereichen der Psychologie, Immunologie, Kardiologie, sowie Schmerz- oder Plastizitätsforschung mit erhofftem Potenzial zur zukünftigen medizinischen Anwendung.Neben der invasiven Vagusnervstimulation wurden in den letzten Jahren Geräte zur transdermalen und somit nicht invasiven Vagusnervstimulation entwickelt. Diese haben nach den derzeit zur Verfügung stehenden Daten eine etwas geringere Wirksamkeit hinsichtlich der Verminderung von Anfallsschwere und Anfallsdauer bei der therapierefraktären Epilepsie und eine etwas geringe Wirksamkeit bei der Verbesserung von Symptomen der Depression. Hierzu fehlen in vielen Fällen noch Studien, die eine hohe Evidenz der Wirksamkeit nachw eisen. Gleiches gilt für die beschriebenen sonstigen Indikationen wie z. B. Tinnitus, Cephalgien, Magen-Darm-Beschwerden etc. Ein weiterer Nachteil der transkutanen Vagusnervstimulation liegt darin, dass die Stimulatoren vom Patienten aktiv angesetzt werden müssen und somit nur intermittierend wirksam sind, was eine hohe Therapieadhärenz unsicher macht.Numerous studies confirm that the vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an efficient, indirect neuromodulatory therapy with electrically induced current for epilepsy that cannot be treated by epilepsy surgery and is therapy-refractory and for drug therapy-refractory depression. VNS is an established, evidence-based and in the long-term cost-effective therapy in an interdisciplinary overall concept.Long-term data on the safety and tolerance of the method are available despite the heterogeneity of the patient populations. Stimulation-related side effects like hoarseness, paresthesia, cough or dyspnea depend on the stimulation strength a nd often decrease with continuing therapy duration in the following years. Stimulation-related side effects of VNS can be well influenced by modifying the stimulation parameters. Overall, the invasive vagus nerve stimulation may be considered as a safe and well-tolerated therapy option.For invasive and transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation, antiepileptic and antidepressant as well as positive cognitive effects could be proven. In contrast to drugs, VNS has no negative effect on cognition. In many cases, an improvement of the quality of life is possible.iVNS therapy has a low probability of complete seizure-freedom in cases of focal and genetically generalized epilepsy. It must be considered as palliative therapy, which means that it does not lead to healing and requires the continuation of specific medication. The functional principle is a general reduction of the neuronal excitability. This effect is achieved by a slow increase of the effectiveness sometimes over several years. Re sponders are those patients who experience a 50% reduction of the seizure incidence. Some studies even reveal seizure-freedom in 20% of the cases. Currently, it is not possible to differentiate between potential responders and non-responders before therapy/implantation.The current technical developments of the iVNS generators of the new generation like closed-loop system (cardiac-based seizure detection, CBSD) reduce also the risk for SUDEP (sudden unexpected death in epilepsy patients), a very rare, lethal complication of epilepsies, beside the seizure severity.iVNS may deteriorate an existing sleep apnea syndrome and therefore requires possible therapy interruption during nighttime (day-night programming or magnet use) beside the close cooperation with sleep physicians.The evaluation of the numerous iVNS trials of the past two decades showed multiple positive effects on other immunological, cardiological, and gastroenterological diseases so that additional therapy indications may be expected depending on future study results. Currently, the vagus nerve stimulation is in the focus of research in the disciplines of psychology, immunology, cardiology as well as pain and plasticity research with the desired potential of future medical application.Beside invasive vagus nerve stimulation with implantation of an IPG and an electrode, also devices for transdermal and thus non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation have been developed during the last years. According to the data that are currently available, they are less effective with regard to the reduction of the seizure severity and duration in cases of therapy-refractory epilepsy and slightly less effective regarding the improvement of depression symptoms. In this context, studies are missing that confirm high evidence of effectiveness. The same is true for the other indications that have been mentioned like tinnitus, cephalgia, gastrointestinal complaints etc. Another disadvantage of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimu lation is that the stimulators have to be applied actively by the patients and are not permanently active, in contrast to implanted iVNS therapy systems. So they are only intermittently active; furthermore, the therapy adherence is uncertain.
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Georg Thieme Verlag KG Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

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Latent class models of early-life trauma and incident breast cancer

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Background: Psychosocial trauma has been hypothesized to influence breast cancer risk, but little is known about how co-occurring traumas—particularly during early life—may impact incidence. We examine the relationship between multiple measures of early-life trauma and incident breast cancer. Methods: The Sister Study is a prospective cohort study of U.S. women (N=50,884; enrollment 2003-2009; ages 35-74). Of 45,961 eligible participants, 3,070 developed invasive breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ through 2017. We assessed trauma before age 18 using previously studied measures (cumulative score, individual trauma type, and substantive domain) and a six-class latent variable to evaluate co-occurring traumas. We accounted for missing data using multiple imputation and estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using Cox proportional hazards models. Results: Approximately 49% of participants reported early-life trauma. Using the latent class variable approach, breast cancer hazard was higher among participants who had sexual trauma or household dysfunction (HR=1.1; CI:0.93, 1.3), or moderate (HR=1.2; CI:0.99, 1.4) but not high trauma (HR=0.66; CI:0.44, 0.99) compared to low trauma. Breast cancer HRs associated with sexual early-life trauma or household dysfunction were elevated for pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer and by estrogen receptor status. We found no effect modification by race–ethnicity. Estimated effects were attenuated with report of constant childhood social support. Conclusions: Breast cancer incidence varied by latent patterns of co-occurring early-life trauma. Models capturing childhood social support and trauma patterning, rather than cumulative or discrete indicators, may be more meaningful in breast cancer risk assessment. Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Understanding Variation in Rotavirus Vaccine Effectiveness Estimates

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Background: Estimates of rotavirus vaccine effectiveness (VE) in the U.S. appear higher in years with more rotavirus activity. We hypothesized rotavirus VE is constant over time but appears to vary as a function of temporal variation in local rotavirus cases and/or misclassified diagnoses. Methods: We analyzed 6 years of data from eight U.S. surveillance sites on 8-59-month olds with acute gastroenteritis symptoms. Children's stool samples were tested via enzyme immunoassay (EIA); rotavirus-positive results were confirmed with molecular testing at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). We defined rotavirus gastroenteritis cases by either positive on-site EIA results alone or positive EIA with CDC confirmation. For each case definition, we estimated VE against any rotavirus gastroenteritis, moderate-to-severe disease, and hospitalization using two mixed-effect regression models: the first including year plus a year–vaccination interaction, and the second including annual percent of rotavirus positive tests plus a percent positive–vaccination interaction. We used multiple overimputation to bias-adjust for misclassification of cases defined by positive EIA alone. Results: Estimates of annual rotavirus VE against all outcomes fluctuated temporally, particularly when we defined cases by on-site EIA alone and used a year–vaccination interaction. Use of confirmatory testing to define cases reduced, but did not eliminate, fluctuations. Temporal fluctuations in VE estimates further attenuated when we used a percent positive–vaccination interaction. Fluctuations persisted until bias-adjustment for diagnostic misclassification. Conclusions: Both controlling for time-varying rotavirus activity and bias-adjusting for diagnostic misclassification are critical for estimating the most valid annual rotavirus VE. Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Comparison between the radial forearm and groin soft tissue free flaps for reconstruction in patients with oral cavity cancer: a quality of life analysis

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The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of the radial forearm free flap (RFFF) and groin soft tissue free flap (GSFF) on the quality of life (QoL) of patients undergoing reconstructive surgery after resection for oral cancer. A retrospective analysis of 48 patients was performed. The Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS), University of Washington Quality of Life (UW-QOL) questionnaire, and 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) questionnaire were used to evaluate the donor site scars and QoL of the patients. (Source: International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery)
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Promoter hypermethylation of GALR1 acts as an early epigenetic susceptibility event in colorectal carcinogenesis

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