Human salivary gland cells express bradykinin receptors that modulate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines

Bradykinin is an important peptide modulator that affects the function of neurons and immune cells. However, there is no evidence of the bradykinin receptors and their functions in human salivary glands. Here we have identified and characterized bradykinin receptors on human submandibular gland cells. Both bradykinin B1 and B2 receptors are expressed on human submandibular gland cells, A253 cells, and HSG cells. Bradykinin increased the intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i) in a concentration-dependent manner. Interestingly, a specific agonist of the B1 receptor did not have any effect on [Ca²⁺]_i in HSG cells, whereas specific agonists of the B2 receptor had a Ca²⁺ mobilizing effect. Furthermore, application of the B1 receptor antagonist, R715, did not alter the bradykinin-mediated increase in cytosolic Ca²⁺, whereas the B2 receptor antagonist, HOE140, showed a strong inhibitory effect, which implies that bradykinin B2 receptors are functional in modulating the concentration of cytosolic Ca²⁺. Bradykinin did not affect a carbachol-induced rise of [Ca²⁺]_i and did not modulate translocation of aquaporin-5. However, bradykinin did promote the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), implying the role of bradykinin in salivary gland inflammation. These data suggest that bradykinin receptors are involved in Ca²⁺ signaling in human submandibular gland cells and serve a unique role, which is separate from that of other salivary gland G protein–coupled receptors.

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Greater Mandibular Horizontal Condylar Angle is Associated with TMJ Osteoarthritis

Publication date: Available online 29 December 2016
Source:Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology
Author(s): Peggy P. Lee, Alexander R. Stanton, Lars G. Hollender
BackgroundResearch using MRI analysis has shown that internal temporomandibular joint derangement is associated with significantly greater horizontal condylar angle. However, the association between osteoarthritic (OA) bony changes as shown in CT and horizontal condylar angle has never been evaluated.ObjectiveInvestigate the relationship between mandibular condylar angle and OA degenerative changes.Materials & MethodsThis is a retrospective study using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images and reports from 60 patients with unilateral OA degenerative changes and 43 control patients with no OA-affected joints.ResultsCondylar angles in the joints of control patients and the unaffected joints in OA patients were not significantly different. The average horizontal condylar angle in the unilaterally OA-affected joints (29.5^o±10.5^o) was larger than in the contralateral unaffected joints (22.5^o±7.7^o) (p < .001). In the OA-affected joints, flattening and erosion of the articular eminence was associated with a greater condylar angle (p<0.05).ConclusionsModerate to severe degenerative temporomandibular joint change is associated with greater condylar angle.



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Dentistry and Interprofessional Education

Publication date: Available online 29 December 2016
Source:Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology
Author(s): James R. Geist




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Kimura's disease in a 50-year-old Tunisian man

Publication date: Available online 28 December 2016
Source:European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Diseases
Author(s): M. Drouillard, M. Steve, T. Ranoarivony, J.-B. Souraud
IntroductionKimura's disease is an uncommon disease of unknown aetiology affecting men in their thirties from Southeast Asia. The authors report a case of Kimura's disease in a 50-year-old Tunisian man that was diagnosed after surgery.Case reportThis patient had two 2-cm diameter chronic nodular lesions over the right mandible with no local inflammation and no other clinical findings of systemic disease. Histopathological examination showed germinal centre hyperplasia, eosinophilic micro-abscesses and hyperplasia of postcapillary venules, suggestive of Kimura's disease, which was confirmed by the laboratory work-up: elevated total IgE (519g/L), and eosinophilia (580/mm³). Renal function tests were normal.DiscussionWe concluded on a probable diagnosis of Kimura's disease in view of male gender, the head and neck site, the suggestive histological appearance, elevated IgE, and eosinophilia. However, this patient's age and ethnic origin were unusual for Kimura's disease. The main differential diagnosis is angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE) and renal function tests can distinguish between the two entities due to the kidney damage observed in Kimura's disease.



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Opisthorchis felineus negatively associates with skin test reactivity in Russia – EuroPrevall-INCO study

Abstract

Background

Most studies on the relationship between helminth infections and atopic disorders have been conducted in (sub)tropical developing countries where exposure to multiple parasites and lifestyle can confound the relationship. We aimed to study the relationship between infection with the fish-borne helminth Opishorchis felineus and specific IgE, skin prick testing and atopic symptoms in Western-Siberia, with lifestyle and hygiene standards of a developed country.

Methods

Schoolchildren aged 7 to 11 years were sampled from one urban and two rural regions. Skin prick tests (SPT) and specific IgE (sIgE) against food and aeroallergens were measured and data on allergic symptoms and on demographic and socio-economic factors were collected by questionnaire. Diagnosis of opisthorchiasis was based on PCR performed on stool samples.

Results

Of the 732 children included, 34.9% had opisthorchiasis. The sensitisation to any allergen when estimated by positive SPT was 12.8%, while much higher, 24.0%, when measured by sIgE. Atopic symptoms in the past year (flexural eczema and/or rhinoconjunctivitis) were reported in 12.4% of the children. SPT was positively related to flexural eczema and rhinoconjunctivitis, but not to wheezing. Opisthorchiasis showed association with lower SPT response, as well as borderline association with low IgE reactivity to any allergen. However, the effect of opisthorchiasis on SPT response was not mediated by IgE, suggesting that opisthorchiasis influences SPT response through another mechanism. Opisthorchiasis also showed borderline association with lower atopic symptoms.

Conclusions

There is a negative association between a chronic helminth infection and skin prick test reactivity even in a developed country.

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Dipyrone (metamizole) markedly interferes with platelet inhibition by aspirin in patients with acute and chronic pain: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Nonopioid analgesic drugs may interfere with platelet inhibition by aspirin. Recent in vitro and clinical studies in patients with cardiovascular disease have suggested that this pharmacodynamic interaction may also occur with dipyrone, a nonopioid analgesic popular in Europe, Asia and South America. OBJECTIVE: Dipyrone is used extensively in acute and chronic pain. This study was undertaken to provide clinical data, so far missing, on its interactions in this group of patients. DESIGN: A case-control study. SETTING: Primary care in one European university hospital centre. PATIENTS: In total, 27 patients with stable cardiovascular, cerebrovascular or peripheral arterial disease and acute or chronic pain were identified and given dipyrone for at least 5 days in combination with low-dose aspirin. In total, 10 comparable patients on low-dose aspirin alone served as controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Platelet-rich plasma was prepared to determine arachidonic acid-induced aggregation (aggregometry) and thromboxane formation (immunoassay). Platelet sensitivity to aspirin was examined in vitro. The presence of dipyrone (metabolites) in plasma was confirmed by HPLC. Additional in vitro measurements examined the aspirin/dipyrone interaction in healthy donors. RESULTS: Inhibition of aggregation was observed in only six of 27 patients receiving aspirin with dipyrone, with absence of complete inhibition by antiplatelet therapy showing in 78% of patients. In contrast, aggregation was completely inhibited in nine of 10 control patients (P

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Impact of reversal strategies on the incidence of postoperative residual paralysis after rocuronium relaxation without neuromuscular monitoring: A partially randomised placebo controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Electronic neuromuscular monitoring is not widely used to determine either the reversal requirements for neuromuscular block before extubation of the trachea, or to determine if there is any subsequent postoperative residual neuromuscular block (PORNB). OBJECTIVES: To investigate the incidence of PORNB using acceleromyography after spontaneous recovery of rocuronium-induced block and to compare this with the administration of sugammadex, neostigmine or a placebo. DESIGN: Prospective, partially randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, four-group parallel-arm study. SETTING: Single-centre study performed between October 2013 and December 2015 in a university hospital. PATIENTS: Of the 134 eligible patients, 128 gave their consent and 125 of these completed the study. INTERVENTIONS: Patients received general anaesthesia with propofol, sevoflurane, fentanyl and rocuronium. Neuromuscular transmission was measured by acceleromyography (TOF-Watch-SX; Organon Teknika B.V., Boxtel, the Netherlands) but the anaesthetist was blind to the results. If the anaesthetist deemed pharmacological reversal to be necessary before extubation of the trachea then patients were assigned randomly to receive either sugammadex (2.0 mg kg-1), neostigmine (0.05 mg kg-1) or a placebo. In the postanaesthesia care unit, an independent anaesthetist, unaware of the treatment given, assessed the neuromuscular function using acceleromyography. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The incidence of a normalised train-of-four ratio less than 0.9 on arrival in the recovery room. RESULTS: In total, 125 patients were recruited. Neuromuscular block was allowed to recover spontaneously in 50 patients, whereas the remainder received either sugammadex (27), neostigmine (26) or placebo (22). The number of cases with PORNB were one (3.7%), four (15%), 13 (26%) and 10 (45%) after sugammadex, neostigmine, spontaneous recovery and placebo, respectively. Sugammadex and neostigmine were more effective than placebo [odds ratio (OR): 0.05, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.005 to 0.403, P = 0.005; OR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.056 to 0.85, P = 0.028, respectively]. Sugammadex performed better than spontaneous recovery (OR: 0.11, 95% CI: 0.014 to 0.89, P = 0.039) unlike neostigmine (OR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.15 to 1.79, P = 0.297). Yet, antagonism (pooled data) was more effective than spontaneous recovery (OR: 0.3, 95% CI: 0.1 to 0.9, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Although pharmacological reversal based on clinical signs was superior to spontaneous recovery it did not prevent PORNB, irrespective of the reversal agent. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study is registered under EUDRACT number 2013-001965-17. (C) 2016 European Society of Anaesthesiology

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