A comparison of seasonal trends in asthma exacerbations among children from geographic regions with different climates

http://ift.tt/2fKCoNO

What is the clinical value of negative predictive values of skin tests to iodinated contrast media?

http://ift.tt/2fktIiD

Subcutaneous administration of human C1 inhibitor with recombinant human hyaluronidase in patients with hereditary angioedema

http://ift.tt/2fKIgGV

Idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia

http://ift.tt/2fkmJpK

For the Patient

http://ift.tt/2fKHV7d

Typisch androgenetische Alopezie?

http://ift.tt/2f0IeJ6

A Conditioned Behavioral Paradigm for Assessing Onset and Lasting Tinnitus in Rats

by Edward Pace, Hao Luo, Michael Bobian, Ajay Panekkad, Xueguo Zhang, Huiming Zhang, Jinsheng Zhang

Numerous behavioral paradigms have been developed to assess tinnitus-like behavior in animals. Nevertheless, they are often limited by prolonged training requirements, as well as an inability to simultaneously assess onset and lasting tinnitus behavior, tinnitus pitch or duration, or tinnitus presence without grouping data from multiple animals or testing sessions. To enhance behavioral testing of tinnitus, we developed a conditioned licking suppression paradigm to determine the pitch(s) of both onset and lasting tinnitus-like behavior within individual animals. Rats learned to lick water during broadband or narrowband noises, and to suppress licking to avoid footshocks during silence. After noise exposure, rats significantly increased licking during silent trials, suggesting onset tinnitus-like behavior. Lasting tinnitus-behavior, however, was exhibited in about half of noise-exposed rats through 7 weeks post-exposure tested. Licking activity during narrowband sound trials remained unchanged following noise exposure, while ABR hearing thresholds fully recovered and were comparable between tinnitus⁽⁺⁾ and tinnitus^(-) rats. To assess another tinnitus inducer, rats were injected with sodium salicylate. They demonstrated high pitch tinnitus-like behavior, but later recovered by 5 days post-injection. Further control studies showed that 1): sham noise-exposed rats tested with footshock did not exhibit tinnitus-like behavior, and 2): noise-exposed or sham rats tested without footshocks showed no fundamental changes in behavior compared to those tested with shocks. Together, these results demonstrate that this paradigm can efficiently test the development of noise- and salicylate-induced tinnitus behavior. The ability to assess tinnitus individually, over time, and without averaging data enables us to realistically address tinnitus in a clinically relevant way. Thus, we believe that this optimized behavioral paradigm will facilitate investigations into the mechanisms of tinnitus and development of effective treatments.

http://ift.tt/2f05LKk