A clinicopathologic study of head and neck rhabdomyosarcomas showing FOXO1 fusion-positive alveolar and MYOD1-mutant sclerosing are associated with unfavorable outcome

Head and neck soft tissue sarcomas are rare, accounting for 1% of all head and neck neoplasms [1,2]. Rhabdomyosarcomas are the most common soft tissue sarcomas in children and adolescents, accounting for 5–8% of all childhood malignancies [3]. The head and neck is the most common anatomic site for rhabdomyosarcoma [4,5]. The incidence of head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma (HNRMS) is currently placed at 0.104 cases per 100,000 [6]. The clinical presentation of HNRMS is divided into 3 sub-sites based on its anatomic location and local relapse: parameningeal (PM), including the paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, nasal cavity, middle ear, mastoid, parapharyngeal region, pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossa; orbital; and non-PM/non-orbital site, encompassing the neck, face, oral cavity, cheek, external ear, scalp and larynx [7].

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