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Immunol Cell Biol. 2020 Sep 30;:
Authors: Pujari R, Banerjee G
Abstract
Several preclinical and clinical studies have shown the immuno-modulatory role exerted by prebiotics in regulating immune response. In this review, we describe the mechanistic and clinical studies that decipher the cell signalling pathways implicated in the process. The prebiotic fibres are conventionally known to serve as substrate for probiotic commensal bacteria that leads to release of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the intestinal tract along with several other metabolites. Subsequently, they then act on the local as well as the systemic immune cells and the gut-associated epithelial cells, primarily through G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated pathways. However, other pathways including histone deacetlylase (HDAC)-inhibition and inflammasome pathway have also been implicated in regulating the immunomodulatory effect. The prebiotics can also induce microbiota-independent effect by directly acting on the gut associated epithelial and the innate immune cells through the toll-like receptors (TLRs). The cumulative effect results in the maintenance of the epithelial barrier integrity and modulation of innate immunity through secretion of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, switches in macrophage polarization and function, neutrophil recruitment and migration, dendritic cell (DC) and regulatory T-cell differentiation. Extending these in vitro and ex vivo observations, some prebiotics have been well investigated, with successful human and animal trials demonstrating the association between gut microbes and immunity biomarkers leading to improvement of health endpoints across populations. This review discusses scientific insights on association between prebiotics, innate immunity and gut microbiome from in vitro to human oral intervention.
PMID: 32996638 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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